Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Causes, Testing, and Treatment
Recurrent pregnancy loss means repeated pregnancy losses and may involve genetic, uterine, hormonal, autoimmune, or unexplained causes.
Donor Embryo: Transfer, Genetics, Consent, and Parenthood
A donor embryo is an IVF-created embryo provided for another person’s reproductive use and may allow pregnancy without a genetic link to the intended parent.
Gestational Carrier: IVF, Pregnancy, Rights, and Parenthood
A gestational carrier carries an IVF-created embryo using another person’s egg and is usually not genetically related to the child.
Traditional Surrogacy: Process, Genetics, Law, and Parenthood
Traditional surrogacy uses the surrogate’s own egg, making the person carrying the pregnancy genetically related to the child as well as gestationally connected.
Preimplantation Genetic Testing: Types, Process, and Limits
Preimplantation genetic testing examines cells from IVF embryos for selected chromosome or genetic conditions before embryo transfer.
Reciprocal IVF: Process, Roles, Donor Sperm, and Parenthood
Reciprocal IVF allows one partner to provide the eggs while another carries the pregnancy, giving both intended parents a biological role in family building.
Pregnancy Loss: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Recovery
Pregnancy loss is the ending of a pregnancy without a live birth and may include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, and other forms of reproductive loss.
Donor Sperm: Use, Screening, Identity, and Family Building
Donor sperm is sperm provided for another person’s reproductive use and may be used in IUI, IVF, donor conception, and diverse family-building arrangements.
Shared Motherhood: Reciprocal IVF, Roles, and Family Building
Shared motherhood uses reciprocal IVF so one partner provides the eggs while another carries the pregnancy, allowing both to participate biologically in family building.
Postpartum Sexuality: Desire, Pain, Intimacy, and Recovery
Postpartum sexuality includes changes in desire, comfort, intimacy, arousal, and sexual function after childbirth, influenced by healing, hormones, stress, and relationships.